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Impunity on the Rise in Sierra Leone Impunity in Sierra Leone is becoming an increasingly troubling, affecting governance, human rights, and law enforcement. Despite the country’s progress since the end of its brutal civil war, many feel that accountability is slipping, with those in power seemingly above the law. From high-level corruption to suppression of free speech, and even connections to international criminal networks, the rise of impunity is fueling frustration among citizens and eroding trust in institutions. A Government That Protects Its Own? One of the most striking examples of impunity in Sierra Leone is the case of Lara Taylor-Pearce, the country’s highly respected Auditor General. In November 2021, President Julius Maada Bio suddenly suspended her after years of exposing corruption, including fraudulent spending during the Ebola pandemic. Despite an investigation that found no wrongdoing, she has remained sidelined. Many suspect her removal was a way to silence a whistleblower, raising fears that the government is more interested in protecting itself than ensuring accountability. Corruption is not just an isolated case but deeply entrenched in Sierra Leone’s system. Transparency International’s 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index ranks Sierra Leone 114th out of 180 countries, highlighting the widespread problem. The lack of consequences for corrupt officials fuels a culture where those in power act without fear of repercussions. Freedom of Expression Under Threat The government’s control over freedom of speech has also tightened. A chilling example is the case of Hawa Hunt, a social media influencer arrested in December 2024 for allegedly making critical comments about the president and the first lady. Her arrest, which happened live on television, shocked many. Even more disturbing is that she has been denied bail, and there are growing concerns about her health while in custody. The heavy-handed treatment of Hunt is seen as a warning to others: speak against the government, and you could face the same fate. ​On March 11, 2025, Sierra Leone’s Parliament passed the Counter-Terrorism Act of 2024 to bolster national security by preventing and responding to terrorist activities. ​Facebook+1Facebook+1 Concerns Over Potential Misuse Opposition leaders and civil society groups have expressed apprehension regarding the Act’s broad definitions of terrorist acts, which encompass violence against persons, property damage, and other serious offenses. They fear that, without explicit exemptions for acts of advocacy, protest, dissent, and industrial actions, the law could be misapplied to suppress opposition groups, protesters, and individuals voicing dissent against the government. ​Cocorioko Notably, the 2011 African Union model counter-terrorism law includes specific exemptions for such acts to protect democratic freedoms. The absence of similar provisions in Sierra Leone’s legislation has raised concerns about potential infringements on fundamental human rights. ​Cocorioko+1Instagram+1 Implications for Civil Liberties The enactment of the Counter-Terrorism Act adds to concerns about impunity in Sierra Leone, particularly regarding government accountability and freedom of expression. Critics argue that, without proper safeguards, the law could become a tool for the government to silence dissent and target political opponents under the guise of combating terrorism. ​Cocorioko In summary, while the Counter-Terrorism Act of 2024 aims to enhance national security, its broad definitions and lack of explicit protections for legitimate forms of protest and dissent have raised fears about potential misuse, further exacerbating issues of impunity and the erosion of democratic freedoms in Sierra Leone. For a country that prides itself on democracy, this crackdown on free speech is alarming. Citizens fear Sierra Leone is moving towards authoritarianism, where even mild criticism is met with harsh retaliation. International Crime Thriving with Local Connections Perhaps one of the most shocking recent revelations is that Sierra Leone was unknowingly harboring one of Europe’s most wanted criminals—Dutch drug lord Jos Leijdekkers, known as “Bolle Jos.” Leijdekkers, a key figure in the notorious Mocro Mafia, was convicted in absentia for drug trafficking but was living freely in Sierra Leone, socializing with high-ranking officials. The scandal led to the dismissal of the country’s immigration chief, Alusine Kanneh, after footage surfaced showing him mingling with the fugitive. This incident has sparked serious questions: How did such a high-profile criminal operate in the country unnoticed? And more importantly, who else is benefiting from these connections? The fact that there is no extradition treaty between Sierra Leone and the Netherlands means that bringing Leijdekkers to justice remains challenging. His presence in the country is a disturbing sign that criminals with money and influence can easily escape accountability. A Justice System That Fails Its People For years, Sierra Leone has struggled with weak law enforcement and a judiciary plagued by corruption. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), set up after the civil war to investigate human rights violations, was supposed to bring justice and healing. However, many feel it fell short, leaving behind a system where criminals, corrupt officials, and human rights abusers continue to walk free. People have little faith that the courts will deliver justice, especially when cases involve powerful individuals. The police, often accused of bribery and excessive force, are seen as enforcers of the ruling class rather than protectors of ordinary citizens. When justice is only for the rich and powerful, what hope is left for the average person? Where Does Sierra Leone Go From Here? The rise in impunity is more than just a political issue—it affects the daily lives of Sierra Leoneans. When leaders act without consequences, speaking up can land you in jail, and when criminals can buy protection, the entire country suffers. The erosion of trust in institutions means that more people feel hopeless about real change. But all is not lost. Civil society groups and activists continue to push for reforms. International organizations are paying attention, and some brave individuals still speak out despite the risks. The question now is whether Sierra Leone’s leaders will listen or continue down a dangerous path where impunity becomes the norm. Read More: Sierra Leone’s immigration chief fired after drug lord scandal Concerns for social media influencer arrested on live TV Boss of Europe’s drug mafia found in Sierra Leone If Sierra Leone is to
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Impunity on the Rise Bygbakanda00 March 5, 2025 Attitudinal Change,Political Economies,Post,Social Justice,Social Psychology Impunity on the Rise Bygbakanda00 March 5, 2025 African Culture Bygbakanda00 March 5, 2025 Top News Impunity on the Rise March 5, 2025 Attitudinal Change,Political Economies,Post,Social Justice,Social Psychology African Culture March 5, 2025 African Culture,Blog The Potential Impact of Emerging Global Political Realities on Resource-Rich but Underdeveloped Countries March 2, 2025 economics,Education,globaltrends,Perceptions,Political Economies,West Africa Google Blogger February 27, 2025 Blog,Google Blogger Impunity on the Rise March 5, 2025 Attitudinal Change,Political Economies,Post,Social Justice,Social Psychology African Culture March 5, 2025 African Culture,Blog The Potential Impact of Emerging Global Political Realities on Resource-Rich but Underdeveloped Countries March 2, 2025 economics,Education,globaltrends,Perceptions,Political Economies,West Africa 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By Mohamed Boye Jallo Jamboria 1. Abstract This paper explores the implications of the emerging multipolar global order on resource-rich but underdeveloped countries, using Sierra Leone as a case study. The analysis highlights how the decline of U.S. dominance and the rise of China and other regional powers create new challenges and opportunities. Key risks include economic dependency, neo-colonial exploitation, and environmental degradation. This paper emphasizes the need for donor-dependent nations like Sierra Leone to revisit their economic planning policies to focus on governance, economic diversification, and sustainable resource management. The study recommends a proactive approach centered on institutional strengthening, fair trade, and transparent governance to transform resource wealth into sustainable development. 2. Introduction The global political landscape is undergoing significant transformation, characterized by a shift from U.S.-led unipolarity to a multipolar world with rising powers such as China, India, and Russia (Adams, 2021). For resource-rich but underdeveloped countries like Sierra Leone, this shift presents both unprecedented risks and opportunities. Sierra Leone, with its abundant mineral resources—diamonds, iron ore, rutile, and bauxite—offers a compelling case study of the “resource curse” phenomenon, where countries rich in natural resources often experience poor governance, low economic diversification, and high dependency on external aid (Acemoglu & Robinson, 2012). Despite substantial natural wealth, Sierra Leone remains one of the poorest countries globally, with over 50% of its population living below the poverty line (World Bank, 2020). This paper argues that the changing global order necessitates a fundamental rethinking of economic planning policies in donor-dependent nations. Effective governance, economic diversification, and transparent management of resource wealth are essential to break the cycle of dependency and ensure sustainable development. 3. Historical Context: Post-WWII Decolonization and Economic Realities Post-World War II decolonization was significantly influenced by the economic and strategic interests of Western powers. European nations, economically devastated by the war, prioritized rebuilding their economies over maintaining costly colonial administrations. The U.S.-sponsored Marshall Plan provided financial support to Western Europe but also pressured European powers to dismantle their colonial empires to open markets for American goods (Jones, 2019). Sierra Leone gained independence in 1961 amid this shifting geopolitical context. However, the economic legacy of colonialism persisted, characterized by a focus on raw material exports and minimal investment in local industries. This dependence on extractive industries has continued to shape Sierra Leone’s economic planning, limiting diversification and making the country vulnerable to global commodity price fluctuations (Brown, 2020). The experience of post-WWII decolonization underscores the need for Sierra Leone to revisit its economic planning policies, focusing on reducing dependency on primary commodities and fostering local value addition. 4. The Emerging Multipolar World Order 4.1 The Decline of U.S. Dominance The decline of U.S. dominance is evidenced by economic stagnation, rising national debt, and political polarization, which have constrained its ability to unilaterally shape global economic policies (Adams, 2021). For Sierra Leone, this decline has both positive and negative implications. On one hand, it opens opportunities to diversify trade and investment partners. On the other hand, it reduces the leverage Sierra Leone might have had in securing favourable trade terms under a U.S.-led liberal economic order. The retreat of the U.S. from multilateral institutions and its reduced aid budgets also mean that Sierra Leone must seek alternative sources of funding for infrastructure and development projects. This has led to a growing dependence on China and other emerging powers, whose aid and investments often come with fewer governance conditions but higher long-term risks (Lee, 2020).  4.2 Rise of China and Other Emerging Powers China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has become a cornerstone of its global strategy, focusing on infrastructure investments in developing countries, including Sierra Leone. Chinese investments in roads, ports, and energy projects in Sierra Leone have significantly improved the country’s infrastructure. However, many of these projects have been financed through loans secured by natural resources, raising concerns about debt sustainability and sovereignty risks (Brautigam, 2020). India and Turkey have also increased their presence in Sierra Leone, competing for access to resources and strategic markets. This growing multipolarity presents an opportunity for Sierra Leone to leverage competition among emerging powers to secure better investment terms. However, it also necessitates a sophisticated economic planning strategy to balance these competing interests effectively. 5. Challenges for Resource-Rich but Underdeveloped Countries: The Case of Sierra Leone 5.1 Economic Dependence on Extractive Industries Sierra Leone’s economy is heavily reliant on mineral exports, which accounted for over 80% of its export revenues in 2019 (World Bank, 2020). This dependence on primary commodities exposes the economy to significant risks due to volatile global commodity prices. The 2014-2016 collapse in iron ore prices, for example, led to a severe recession, highlighting the dangers of an undiversified economic base. To address this issue, Sierra Leone must revisit its economic planning policies to promote industrialization and value addition to raw materials. Investments in agribusiness, manufacturing, and services can help reduce reliance on mineral exports and create more resilient economic structures. 5.2 Institutional Weakness and Governance Challenges Corruption and weak institutions have been significant impediments to effective resource management in Sierra Leone. The country ranked 119th out of 180 on the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index in 2020, reflecting widespread governance challenges (Transparency International, 2020). Institutional reforms focusing on transparency, accountability, and the rule of law are essential for Sierra Leone to manage its resource wealth effectively. Strengthening anti-corruption agencies, enhancing judicial independence, and implementing transparent contract negotiation processes can help attract sustainable investments and improve public confidence in the government’s ability to manage resource revenues. 5.3 Infrastructure Deficits and Technological Dependence Sierra Leone’s infrastructure deficit is a significant barrier to economic diversification and inclusive growth. Poor road networks, unreliable electricity supply, and limited digital infrastructure hinder the development of manufacturing and services sectors (Smith, 2019). Chinese investments have addressed some of these gaps, but the lack of technology transfer and skills development raises concerns about the sustainability of these projects. Economic planning should prioritize investments in transport, energy, and digital infrastructure that support a diversified economic base
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 A Historical, Cultural, Political, and Economic Analysis   The role of chiefs as arbitrators and trustees of resources in Sierra Leone is deeply rooted in historical, cultural, political, and economic contexts. This paper explores the multifaceted rationale behind this authority, tracing its origins from pre-colonial governance to contemporary political structures. Utilizing historical documentation, cultural anthropology, and political economy perspectives, the article examines how traditional authority, colonial legacies, customary land tenure systems, political decentralization, and economic management have shaped chieftaincy roles. Challenges, including political interference and corruption, are analysed alongside the potential for ethical stewardship and sustainable resource governance. Recommendations for enhancing transparency and community trust are provided.  In Sierra Leone, chiefs have historically played crucial roles as arbitrators and trustees of communal resources, including land, forests, and minerals. Their authority is deeply embedded in historical, cultural, political, and economic systems, shaping local governance and resource management. Understanding the rationale behind this role necessitates an examination of the historical legitimacy of chieftaincy, the cultural significance of traditional authority, the political frameworks supporting local governance, and the economic strategies for resource control. This paper explores these dimensions, contextualizing the enduring relevance of chiefs in Sierra Leone’s socio-political landscape.  Historical Legitimacy and Traditional Authority Pre-Colonial Governance Structures In pre-colonial Sierra Leone, governance systems were decentralized yet organized through chieftaincy institutions. Chiefs were recognized as custodians of land and natural resources, governing through consensus with councils of elders and secret societies such as the Poro and Sande societies. Their legitimacy was derived from spiritual authority, lineage, and communal trust, allowing them to mediate conflicts and allocate land. This historical role established chiefs as the primary custodians of communal resources, creating a legacy of trust and authority that continues to influence modern governance (Fyfe, 1962; Rodney, 1970). Colonial Reinforcement of Chieftaincy The British colonial administration institutionalized the role of chiefs through the system of indirect rule, which recognized chieftaincy as a tool for local governance. By aligning traditional leadership with colonial authority, the British reinforced chiefs’ control over land and resources. This strategic collaboration ensured political stability and efficient tax collection while preserving indigenous governance structures (Crowder, 1968). The Hut Tax War of 1898, led by Bai Bureh, highlighted the complexities of this relationship, as some chiefs resisted colonial exploitation while others collaborated for political survival and economic benefit (Abraham, 1978). Post-Independence Continuity and Change After independence in 1961, Sierra Leonean governments continued to acknowledge chieftaincy as a legitimate institution. The 1991 Constitution and the Chieftaincy Act of 2009 reaffirmed the role of chiefs as custodians of land and culture, maintaining their authority in resource arbitration and local governance. However, political interference and elite capture have challenged traditional leadership, raising questions about transparency and accountability (Tangri, 1976).  Cultural Significance and Community Trust Chiefs as Embodiments of Indigenous Values Chiefs are more than political leaders; they are cultural symbols representing continuity with ancestral traditions. Their authority is rooted in indigenous values, customs, and identity, making them the embodiment of communal welfare and moral leadership. In rural communities, chiefs mediate conflicts using customary laws, which are often more accessible and relatable than statutory laws. This cultural legitimacy reinforces their role as trusted arbitrators of resources and land disputes (Mamdani, 1996). Mediation and Conflict Resolution Chiefs play a pivotal role in maintaining social harmony by mediating land disputes, resource conflicts, and communal tensions. Their knowledge of customary laws and local traditions enables them to provide culturally relevant solutions that formal courts may overlook. This function contributes to social stability and national peace, positioning chiefs as indispensable agents of local governance (Ribot, 2002).   Customary Land Tenure System Communal Ownership and Trusteeship In Sierra Leone, particularly in the provinces, land is governed by customary law rather than statutory law. Chiefs oversee land allocation, ensuring equitable distribution among community members. Land is considered communal property, held in trust by chiefs on behalf of their people. This system reinforces the role of chiefs as trustees, balancing individual land rights with communal interests (Unruh, 2008). Challenges and Controversies Despite its cultural relevance, the customary land tenure system faces challenges, including elite capture, gender discrimination, and political manipulation. Chiefs have been accused of exploiting their trusteeship roles by selling communal land without community consent, leading to conflicts and social unrest. These controversies highlight the need for transparent and accountable land governance systems that balance tradition with modern legal frameworks (Fanthorpe, 2001).  Political Decentralization and Local Governance Legal and Constitutional Recognition Sierra Leone’s governance structure includes chieftaincy institutions legally recognized under the Chieftaincy Act of 2009. Chiefs serve as intermediaries between the government and rural communities, ensuring that development policies reflect local needs. Decentralization policies have reinforced their role in managing community resources and development projects, maintaining political stability in rural areas (Fanthorpe, 2006). Political Influence and Accountability Issues However, political interference has undermined the independence of chiefs. Successive governments have manipulated chieftaincy elections, appointing loyalists to secure political influence in rural constituencies. This politicization of traditional leadership has compromised accountability and community trust, necessitating reforms to protect chieftaincy institutions from political manipulation (Jackson, 2006).  Economic Management and Resource Control Trusteeship of Natural Resources Chiefs oversee the distribution of natural resources, including land, forests, and minerals. In some cases, they negotiate agreements with investors, ensuring that local communities benefit from resource extraction. By acting as trustees, chiefs can advocate for sustainable resource use and protect communal interests from exploitation. This economic role enhances their political influence and reinforces their traditional authority (Richards, 1996). Economic Challenges and Corruption Allegations However, economic mismanagement and corruption have plagued chieftaincy institutions. Chiefs have been accused of misappropriating resource revenues and engaging in exploitative land deals with foreign investors. These practices have fueled social conflicts and economic inequalities, undermining the credibility of traditional leadership (Reno, 1995).  Conclusion and Recommendations The rationale for chiefs as arbitrators and trustees of resources in Sierra Leone is deeply rooted in historical legitimacy, cultural significance, legal recognition, and political decentralization. However, challenges such as political
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